Gymnopus dryophilus (Bull.) Murrill
(Russet Toughshank, Penny Top)

Taxonomic hierarchy:
SpeciesGymnopus dryophilus (Russet Toughshank, Penny Top)
GenusGymnopus (a genus of toughshank toadstools)
FamilyOMPHALOTACEAE (a family of toadstools)
OrderAGARICALES (mushrooms and toadstools)
SubclassAGARICOMYCETIDAE (a subclass of basidiomycetes)
ClassAGARICOMYCETES (a class of fungi)
SubphylumAGARICOMYCOTINA (a subphylum of fungi)
PhylumBASIDIOMYCOTA (spore droppers, basidiomycetes)
KingdomFUNGI (true fungi)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
Records of Gymnopus dryophilus (Russet Toughshank, Penny Top) :
1: Gymnopus dryophilus (Russet Toughshank, Penny Top)
14 Oct 1997 OSGR: SU56 51° 20’ N, 1° 10’ W Vice County: Berks (VC 22) England
Image 1: FruitbodyImage 2: Fruitbody showing gillsImage 3: Fruitbody showing gills (2)Image 4: Fruitbody showing gills (3)Image 5: GillsImage 6: Half-dry capImage 7: Half-dry cap (2)Image 8: Half-dry cap (3)Image 9: Half-dry cap (4)Image 10: Moist capImage 11: Moist cap (2)Image 12: Moist cap (3)
2: Gymnopus dryophilus (Russet Toughshank, Penny Top)
14 Jun 1980 OSGR: SU83 51° 0’ N, 0° 50’ W Vice County: West Sussex (VC 13) England
Image 1: CollectionImage 2: GroupImage 3: Lain down - side viewImage 4: Cap cuticle hyphae - magnifiedImage 5: Cheilocystidia in gill edge - highly magnifiedImage 6: Spores - highly magnifiedImage 7: DescriptionImage 8: Description - contd

Identification Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Marriott, J. (ed) 1990 Keys (Newsletter of the B.M.S. Key-Group) No 3 http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/library/keys/index-phpcid951/
Marriott, J. (ed) 1989 Keys (Newsletter of the B.M.S. Key-Group) No 1 http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/library/keys/index-phpcid951/
Vilgalys, R. & Miller, O.K. Jr 1987 Morphological studies on the Collybia dryophila group in Europe TBMS Vol 88 (4): 461-472.

Gymnopus dryophilus (Russet Toughshank, Penny Top) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Gymnopus dryophilus (Russet Toughshank, Penny Top)
BioInfoBioInfo (www.bioinfo.org.uk) has 8 host/parasite/foodplant and/or other relationships for Gymnopus dryophilus (Russet Toughshank, Penny Top)

A very common woodland toadstool with an orange-ochre to yellowish-cream cap. A litter decomposer, it typically grows from a patch of bleached leaves.

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