Lichenes

Subtaxon			Rank	Featured subtaxa	No of images	No of ID refs
Abrothallus a genus of lichens			Genus	2 subtaxa		2 ident. refs
ARTHONIACEAE a family of lichens			Family	10 subtaxa	22 images	8 ident. refs
ROCCELLACEAE a family of lichens			Family	9 subtaxa	58 images	4 ident. refs
Cornutispora a genus of lichens			Genus			1 ident. refs
BOTRYOSPHAERIALES an order of ascomycetes			Order	9 subtaxa	129 images	16 ident. refs
PARMULARIACEAE a family of lichens			Family	1 subtaxa		1 ident. refs
Stigmidium a genus of lichens			Genus	4 subtaxa	15 images	5 ident. refs
MONOBLASTIACEAE a family of lichens			Family	1 subtaxa	1 images
	Acrocordia a genus of lichens		Genus	1 subtaxa	1 images
DACAMPIACEAE a family of lichens			Family	10 subtaxa		13 ident. refs
NAETROCYMBACEAE a family of lichens			Family	1 subtaxa		1 ident. refs
PYRENULACEAE a family of lichens			Family	3 subtaxa	23 images	1 ident. refs
	Pyrenula a genus of lichens		Genus	3 subtaxa	23 images	1 ident. refs
XANTHOPYRENIACEAE a family of lichens			Family	1 subtaxa	14 images
	Collemopsidium a genus of lichens		Genus	1 subtaxa	14 images
STRIGULACEAE a family of lichens			Family	2 subtaxa	10 images	1 ident. refs
LICHENOTHELIACEAE a family of lichens			Family	2 subtaxa		3 ident. refs
MYCOCALICIALES an order of lichens			Order	1 subtaxa		1 ident. refs
	MYCOCALICIACEAE a family of lichens		Family	1 subtaxa		1 ident. refs
		Chaenothecopsis a genus of lichens	Genus	1 subtaxa		1 ident. refs
Sclerococcum a genus of lichenicolous anamorphic fungi			Genus	1 subtaxa	1 images	2 ident. refs
VERRUCARIALES an order of lichens			Order	14 subtaxa	73 images	10 ident. refs
LECANOROMYCETIDAE a subclass of lichens			Subclass	229 subtaxa	1,434 images	50 ident. refs
MICROCALICIACEAE a family of lichens			Family	1 subtaxa	10 images	1 ident. refs
ARTHRORHAPHIDACEAE a family of lichens			Family	1 subtaxa	1 images
	Arthrorhaphis a genus of lichens		Genus	1 subtaxa	1 images
GRAPHIDACEAE a family of lichens			Family	7 subtaxa	26 images	1 ident. refs
Skyttea a genus of lichenicolous discomycetes			Genus	1 subtaxa		2 ident. refs
Psammina a genus of lichens			Genus			1 ident. refs
Refractohilum a genus of lichenicolous anamorphic fungi			Genus	1 subtaxa		1 ident. refs
Vouauxiomyces a form genus of a lichenicolous coelomycetes			Genus	1 subtaxa	14 images	1 ident. refs
Lichenomphalia basidiolichen toadstools			Genus	2 subtaxa	52 images	2 ident. refs

standard photographs and close-ups:

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Records of [Lichenes] (lichens) :
1: [Lichenes] (lichens)
12 Mar 2011	OSGR: SU46	51° 20’ N, 1° 20’ W	Vice County: Berks (VC 22)	England


2: [Lichenes] (lichens)
12 Mar 2011	OSGR: SU46	51° 20’ N, 1° 20’ W	Vice County: Berks (VC 22)	England


3: [Lichenes] (lichens)
6 Nov 2006	OSGR: SK15	53° 10’ N, 1° 50’ W	Vice County: Derby (VC 57)	England
on large limestone boulder, embedded in the ground

4: [Lichenes] (lichens)
6 Nov 2006	OSGR: SK15	53° 10’ N, 1° 50’ W	Vice County: Derby (VC 57)	England
on large limestone boulder, embedded in the ground

5: [Lichenes] (lichens)
13 Oct 2006	OSGR: SK15	53° 10’ N, 1° 50’ W	Vice County: Derby (VC 57)	England
on vertical face of small limestone exposure

6: [Lichenes] (lichens)
27 Jun 2004	OSGR: SO23	51° 60’ N, 3° 10’ W	Vice County: Brecon (VC 42)	Wales
On stone on top of dry stone wall in upland valley

7: [Lichenes] (lichens)
14 May 2003	OSGR: SU56	51° 20’ N, 1° 10’ W	Vice County: Berks (VC 22)	England
assorted lichens on roof of wooden bird table in back garden

8: [Lichenes] (lichens)
10 Jun 1979	OSGR: SU82	51° 0’ N, 0° 40’ W	Vice County: West Sussex (VC 13)	England


9: [Lichenes] (lichens)
26 May 1979	OSGR: SU82	51° 0’ N, 0° 50’ W	Vice County: West Sussex (VC 13)	England
on Sycamore trunk

10: [Lichenes] (lichens) IDENTIFICATION UNCERTAIN
11 May 1979	OSGR: SD77	54° 10’ N, 2° 30’ W	Vice County: Mid-west Yorks (VC 64)	England
On acid rock

11: [Lichenes] (lichens)
21 Mar 1969	OSGR: TQ20	50° 50’ N, 0° 10’ W	Vice County: East Sussex (VC 14)	England
on brick wall

Identification Works

	Author	Year	Title	Source
	Anon.		Scottish Lichenology
	Anon.		Welcome friends of lichenology!	botanika.bf.jcu.cz/lichenologyindex.php?pg=5
	Anon.		Naturhistorisk Museum Universitetet i Oslo: Lichen Herbarium Photo Gallery	www.nhm.uio.no/botanisk/lav/
()	Alvin, K.L.	1977	* The Observer’s Book of Lichens *(Superseded)	Observer's Books, No 33, 2nd edition edition, 224pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
	Aptroot, A., Herk, K. v. & Sparrius, L.B.	2011	Veldgids Korstmossen van Duin, Heide en Stuifzand	Veldgids (Field Guides), 158pp, BLWG: Dutch Bryological and Lichenological Society
	Association Française de Lichénologie		Lichénicoles par les membres de l’AFL	www2.ac-lille.fr/myconord/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_Liste.htm
	Borges, P.A.V.		Base de dados da Biodiversidade dos Açores	www.azoresbioportal.angra.uac.pt/index.php?lang=eng
	Brightman, F.H. & Nicholson, B.E.	1966	The Oxford Book of Flowerless Plants	The Oxford Books, 208pp, Oxford University Press
()	Dahl, E. & Krog, H.	1973	* Macrolichens of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden *(Superseded)	185pp, Universitetsforlaget
	Diederich, P., Ries, C. & Société des Naturalistes Luxembourgeois		Lichens of Belgium, Luxembourgh and northern France	www.lichenology.info/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=atlas
()	Dobson, F.S.	2000	Lichens, an Illustrated Guide to the British and Irish Species, Ed 4	Fourth edition, 431pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
()	Duncan, U.K.	1970	* Introduction to British Lichens *(Superseded)	292pp, T. Buncle
	Eversham, B.	2008	A key to some common lichens in Beds, Cambs and Northants	http://www.wildlifebcnp.org/ecology-resources.htm
	Herk, K. v. & Aptroot, A.	2013	Veldgids Korstmossen	Veldgids (Field Guides), No 19, 2 edition, 424pp, KNNV Publishing
()	Jahns, H.M.	1980	Ferns, Mossses and Lichens of Britain, Northern & Central Europe	Collins Photo Guide, 272pp, Collins
()	Kershaw, K.A. & Alvin, K.L.	1963	* The Observer’s Book of Lichens *(Superseded)	Observer's Books, No33, 126pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
	Leighton, W.A.	1851	* The British Species of Angiocarpous Lichens, elucidated by their Sporidia *(Superseded)	Vol 20, The Ray Society, London
	OPAL	6	The OPAL guide to epiphytic lichens in orchards in the East of England
	Orange, A.	2008	British Pyrenocarpous Lichens
	Phillips, R.	1980	Grasses, Ferns, Mosses and Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland	191pp, Pan Books
	Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L., James, P.W. & Moore, D.M.	1992	* The Lichen Flora of Great Britain & Ireland *(Superseded)	710pp, Natural History Museum Publications
	Smith, C.W., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B.J., Fletcher, A., Gilbert, O.L., James, P.A	2009	The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland	1046pp, The British Lichen Society
	Stridvall, L. & A.		Leif & Anita Stridvall’s Botanical Site	www.stridvall.se/la/index.php
	Sutcliffe, M.		British Lichens	www.britishlichens.co.uk
	Wirth, V.	1995	Die Flechten: Baden-Württembergs (The Lichens: Baden-Württemberg)
	Wuilbaut, J.J.		Cercle de Mycologie de Mons (Belgique): (Page perso de JJ. Wuilbaut)	users.skynet.be/jjw.myco.mons
Coastal Lichens
in the field()	Dobson, F.		Guide to Rocky Shore Lichens
()	Dobson, F.S.	2010	A Field Key to Coastal and Seashore Lichens	100pp
Conservation
	Lambley, P. & Wolseley, P. (Eds)	2003	Lichens in a changing pollution environment	Research Reports, Report no 525, 121pp, English Nature
Corticolous Lichens
	Eversham, B.	2004	A key to lichens on willows and sallows in Beds, Cambs and Northants	http://www.wildlifebcnp.org/ecology-resources.htm
	Wolseley, P., James, P. & Alexander, D.	2002	Key to Lichens on Twigs
Heathland Lichens/Montane
	Britton, A.	2008	The Montane Heathland Lichen Guide	50pp
Lichenicolous Fungi
	Diederich, P., Ries, C. & Société des Naturalistes Luxembourgeois		Lichens of Belgium, Luxembourgh and northern France	www.lichenology.info/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=atlas
Marine
	Fish, J.D. & Fish, S.	2011	A Student’s Guide to the Seashore	3rd edition, Cambridge University Press

[Lichenes] (lichens) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

ASCOMYCOTA
(spore shooters, ascomycete)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for [Lichenes] (lichens)

BioInfo (www.bioinfo.org.uk) has 1,575 host/parasite/foodplant and/or other relationships for [Lichenes] (lichens)

Lichens fade quite quickly, especially if exposed to light. Keeping in the dark helps but there’s no long-term method of making them retain their colours for more than a few weeks.

Ascopores are required for accurate identifcation of many lichen species. However, lichen apothecia are long-lived structures which often contain no ripe ascospores. The most productive time is after they’ve been moist for a long period.

It is important to air-dry lichens as soon as possible after collection. Even a couple of days in a damp container is enough for the fungal component to start growing out and spoil the specimen.

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Unless otherwise expressly stated, all original material on the BioImages website by Malcolm Storey is licensed under the above Creative Commons Licence.

Photographs from other photographers are used with permission but not included under the above CC licence.

[Lichenes]
(lichens)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

[Lichenes] is also a member of:

Identification Works

Coastal Lichens

Conservation

Corticolous Lichens

Heathland Lichens/Montane

Lichenicolous Fungi

Marine

BioImages - Virtual Field-Guide (UK)

Informal	[Lichenes] (lichens)
Phylum	ASCOMYCOTA (spore shooters, ascomycete)
Kingdom	FUNGI (true fungi)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)