Gymnopus dryophilus (Bull.) Murrill
(Russet Toughshank, Penny Top)

Interactions where Gymnopus dryophilus is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season
fruitbody fruitbody is saprobic on decaying litter Minor Calluna vulgaris Heather Ericales: Ericaceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Omphalotaceae/Gymnopus dryophilus/Gymnopus dryophilusrusset toughshank, penny topfruitbody Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Ericales/Ericaceae/Calluna vulgaris/Calluna vulgarisheatherdecayinglitterMinor
fruitbody fruitbody is saprobic on decaying litter [Broadleaved trees] broadleaved, frondose or deciduous trees Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Omphalotaceae/Gymnopus dryophilus/Gymnopus dryophilusrusset toughshank, penny topfruitbody Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Broadleaved trees/Broadleaved treesbroadleaved, frondose or deciduous treesdecayinglitter
fruitbody fruitbody is saprobic on decaying litter PINOPSIDA conifers Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Omphalotaceae/Gymnopus dryophilus/Gymnopus dryophilusrusset toughshank, penny topfruitbody Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Pinopsida/Pinopsidaconifersdecayinglitter
fruitbody fruitbody is associated with Minor Sphagnum bog mosses Sphagnales: Sphagnaceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Omphalotaceae/Gymnopus dryophilus/Gymnopus dryophilusrusset toughshank, penny topfruitbody Plant / associate /Plantae/Bryophyta/Sphagnopsida/Sphagnales/Sphagnaceae/Sphagnum/Sphagnumbog mossesMinor

Interactions where Gymnopus dryophilus is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
fruitbody is parasitised by sporangium Spinellus fusiger Bonnet Mould Mucorales: Phycomycetaceae Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998
 /Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Mucorales/Phycomycetaceae/Spinellus fusiger/Spinellus fusigerbonnet mouldsporangium Fungus / parasite /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Omphalotaceae/Gymnopus dryophilus/Gymnopus dryophilusrusset toughshank, penny topfruitbody sporangium parasitises fruitbody
(live) live pileus is galled by basidiome Syzygospora tumefaciens Toughshank Jellygall Tremellales: Carcinomycetaceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
Profiles of Fungi No. 26: Syzygospora tumefaciens (Ginns & Sunhede) Ginns, Watling, R. & Munro, I., 1990
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Tremellomycetes/Tremellales/Carcinomycetaceae/Syzygospora tumefaciens/Syzygospora tumefacienstoughshank jellygallbasidiome Fungus / gall /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Omphalotaceae/Gymnopus dryophilus/Gymnopus dryophilusrusset toughshank, penny toplivepileus basidiome causes galls on live pileus
(live) live stipe is galled by basidiome Syzygospora tumefaciens Toughshank Jellygall Tremellales: Carcinomycetaceae Profiles of Fungi No. 26: Syzygospora tumefaciens (Ginns & Sunhede) Ginns, Watling, R. & Munro, I., 1990
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Tremellomycetes/Tremellales/Carcinomycetaceae/Syzygospora tumefaciens/Syzygospora tumefacienstoughshank jellygallbasidiome Fungus / gall /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Omphalotaceae/Gymnopus dryophilus/Gymnopus dryophilusrusset toughshank, penny toplivestipe basidiome causes galls on live stipe
(live) live lamellae is galled by basidiome Syzygospora tumefaciens Toughshank Jellygall Tremellales: Carcinomycetaceae Profiles of Fungi No. 26: Syzygospora tumefaciens (Ginns & Sunhede) Ginns, Watling, R. & Munro, I., 1990
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Tremellomycetes/Tremellales/Carcinomycetaceae/Syzygospora tumefaciens/Syzygospora tumefacienstoughshank jellygallbasidiome Fungus / gall /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Omphalotaceae/Gymnopus dryophilus/Gymnopus dryophilusrusset toughshank, penny toplivelamellae basidiome causes galls on live lamellae

Author & YearTitleSource
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 246pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Watling, R. & Munro, I., 1990Profiles of Fungi No. 26: Syzygospora tumefaciens (Ginns & Sunhede) GinnsMycologist Vol 4 (1): 35.

Gymnopus dryophilus (Russet Toughshank, Penny Top) may also be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Gymnopus dryophilus (Russet Toughshank, Penny Top) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Taxonomic hierarchy:
SpeciesGymnopus dryophilus (Russet Toughshank, Penny Top)
GenusGymnopus (a genus of toughshank toadstools)
FamilyOMPHALOTACEAE (a family of toadstools)
OrderAGARICALES (mushrooms and toadstools)
SubclassAGARICOMYCETIDAE (a subclass of basidiomycetes)
ClassAGARICOMYCETES (a class of fungi)
SubphylumAGARICOMYCOTINA (a subphylum of fungi)
PhylumBASIDIOMYCOTA (spore droppers, basidiomycetes)
KingdomFUNGI (true fungi)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Gymnopus dryophilus (Russet Toughshank, Penny Top)

Identification Works

Handling & MagnificationAuthorYearTitleSource
Marriott, J. (ed) 1990 Keys (Newsletter of the B.M.S. Key-Group) No 3 http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/library/keys/index-phpcid951/
Marriott, J. (ed) 1989 Keys (Newsletter of the B.M.S. Key-Group) No 1 http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/library/keys/index-phpcid951/
Vilgalys, R. & Miller, O.K. Jr 1987 Morphological studies on the Collybia dryophila group in Europe TBMS Vol 88 (4): 461-472.

Gymnopus dryophilus (Russet Toughshank, Penny Top) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Vilgalys, R. & Miller, O.K. Jr 1987 Mating relationships within the Collybia dryophila group in Europe TBMS Vol 89 (3): 295-300.

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to Gymnopus dryophilus (Russet Toughshank, Penny Top):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 20 images of Gymnopus dryophilus (Russet Toughshank, Penny Top)

A very common woodland toadstool with an orange-ochre to yellowish-cream cap. A litter decomposer, it typically grows from a patch of bleached leaves.

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