BioImages: The Virtual Field-Guide (UK)

Centaurea nigra L. (Common Knapweed, Lesser Knapweed, Hardheads)

Images etc

	Seeds			500 by 401 pixels
	Seeds			500 by 401 pixels
	Seeds			500 by 400 pixels
	Seeds			500 by 400 pixels

Subtaxa

Rank	Taxon
Variety	Centaurea nigra var. nemoralis (a common knapweed)			8
Subspecies	Centaurea nigra var. nigra L. (Common Knapweed)	6
Variety	Centaurea nigra var. radiata (Common Knapweed - Rayed Form)	8	15

Suggested Literature

Centaurea nigra may be covered by literature listed under:

BIOTA
(living things)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

PLANTAE
(plants)

SPERMATOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

MAGNOLIIDAE
(dicotyledonous flowering plants)

ASTERACEAE
(daisies, dandelions and thistles - formerly Compositae)

Cardueae
(“thistles”)

Feeding and other inter-species relationships

Associated with Centaurea nigra:

(live)	live is parasitised by	Golovinomyces cichoracearum - a powdery mildew (Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae)	Ing, B., 1990 Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
(live)	live is parasitised by pycnium	Puccinia calcitrapae - a rust fungus (Uredinales: Pucciniaceae)	Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
(live)	live is parasitised by pycnium	Puccinia dioicae var. arenariicola - a rust fungus (Uredinales: Pucciniaceae)	Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
(live)	live is parasitised by aecium	Puccinia dioicae var. arenariicola - a rust fungus (Uredinales: Pucciniaceae)	Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
	is foodplant of larva	Paroxyna misella - a gall fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)	White, I.M., 1988
	is parasitised by pycnium	Puccinia hieracii var. hieracii - a rust fungus (Uredinales: Pucciniaceae)	Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
	is parasitised by aecium	Puccinia hieracii var. hieracii - a rust fungus (Uredinales: Pucciniaceae)	Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
achene	achene is galled by larva	Urophora jaceana - a gall fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)	White, I.M., 1988 [multilocular gall]
capitulum	capitulum is galled by larva	Urophora quadrifasciata - a gall fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)	White, I.M., 1988
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Acanthiophilus helianthi - a gall fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)	White, I.M., 1988
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Chaetorellia jaceae - a gall fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)	White, I.M., 1988
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Chaetostomella cylindrica - a gall fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)	White, I.M., 1988
capitulum	capitulum may contain larva	Xyphosia miliaria - a gall fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)	White, I.M., 1988
capitulum?	capitulum? may contain larva	Acinia corniculata - a gall fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)	White, I.M., 1988
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by	Bremia lactucae - a downy mildew (Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae)	Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by uredinoid, mostly epiphyllous aecium	Puccinia calcitrapae - a rust fungus (Uredinales: Pucciniaceae)	Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by mostly hypophyllous telium	Puccinia calcitrapae - a rust fungus (Uredinales: Pucciniaceae)	Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by mostly hypophyllous uredium	Puccinia calcitrapae - a rust fungus (Uredinales: Pucciniaceae)	Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by uredium	Puccinia hieracii var. hieracii - a rust fungus (Uredinales: Pucciniaceae)	Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
leaf (live)	live leaf is spotted by mostly epiphyllous colony of Ramularia anamorph	Ramularia centaureae - an anamorphic fungus (Mycosphaerellales: Mycosphaerellaceae)	Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 [causes greyish spots 2-5mm diam.]
leaf-mine	leaf-mine may house puparium	Phytomyza autumnalis - a leaf-mining fly (Diptera: Agromyzidae)	Spencer, K.A., 1972
leaf	leaf is mined by larva	Liriomyza centaureae - a leaf-mining fly (Diptera: Agromyzidae)	Spencer, K.A., 1972 [irregular linear mine]
leaf	leaf is mined by larva	Phytomyza autumnalis - a leaf-mining fly (Diptera: Agromyzidae)	Spencer, K.A., 1972 [mine long, distinctly greenish]
receptacle	receptacle is galled by larva	Urophora jaceana - a gall fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)	White, I.M., 1988 [multilocular gall]
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by immersed pseudothecium	Kalmusia clivensis - an ascomycete (Pleosporales: Montagnulaceae)	Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by sessile apothecium	Mollisia coerulans - a discomycete (Helotiales: Dermateaceae)	Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by erumpent apothecium	Pyrenopeziza adenostylidis - a discomycete (Helotiales: Dermateaceae)	Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by sessile apothecium	Unguicularia incarnatina - a discomycete (Helotiales: Hyaloscyphaceae)	Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by effuse colony of Phragmocephala dematiaceous anamorph	Phragmocephala elliptica - a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by colony of Stachybotrys dematiaceous anamorph	Stachybotrys dichroa - a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 [usually about soil level while stem is still standing, more widespread when laying on ground]
stem (dead, decayed)	dead, decayed stem is decayed by fruitbody	Subulicystidium longisporum - a resupinate fungus (Polyporales: Hyphodermataceae)	Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
stem (dead, fallen, covered by grass)	dead, fallen, covered by grass stem is decayed by stalked apothecium	Hymenoscyphus limonium - a discomycete (Helotiales: Helotiaceae)	Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
stem (live)	live stem is parasitised by telium	Puccinia hieracii var. hieracii - a rust fungus (Uredinales: Pucciniaceae)	Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
stem (live)	live stem is parasitised by uredium	Puccinia hieracii var. hieracii - a rust fungus (Uredinales: Pucciniaceae)	Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
stem	stem may contain larva	Melanagromyza dettmeri - a leaf-mining fly (Diptera: Agromyzidae)	Spencer, K.A., 1976 Spencer, K.A., 1972
stem	stem may contain larva	Napomyza hirticornis - a leaf-mining fly (Diptera: Agromyzidae)	Spencer, K.A., 1972
stem	stem may house puparium	Melanagromyza dettmeri - a leaf-mining fly (Diptera: Agromyzidae)	Spencer, K.A., 1972

Centaurea nigra may be associated with more taxa listed at higher taxonomic level

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

MAGNOLIIDAE
(dicotyledonous flowering plants)

ASTERACEAE
(daisies, dandelions and thistles - formerly Compositae)

Centaurea
(knapweeds and star-thistles)

Centaurea nigra agg
(lesser knapweeds)

References

Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook
Ing, B., 1990	An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota
Spencer, K.A., 1972	Diptera: Agromyzidae
Spencer, K.A., 1976	The Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark
White, I.M., 1988	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

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