BioImages: The Virtual Field-Guide (UK)

(Lichenes) (Lichens)

Images etc

	Lichen-covered rock			258 by 500 pixels
	Lichen-covered rocks on sea-cliff			500 by 260 pixels

Records (and photo sets)

Taxon	Summary	Date	Vice-county	Country
Lichenes	Perfect stage	6 November 2006	Derby	England	6	15
Lichenes	Perfect stage	6 November 2006	Derby	England	5	13
Lichenes?	Fruitbody	13 October 2006	Derby	England	3
Lichenes		10 June 1979	West Sussex	England	2
Lichenes		26 May 1979	West Sussex	England	3
Lichenes		13 May 1979	(Yorks)	England	4
Lichenes		11 May 1979	Mid-west Yorkshire	England	2
Lichenes	Fruitbody	21 March 1969	East Sussex	England	1

Subtaxa

Rank	Taxon
Subclass	ARTHONIOMYCETIDAE (a subclass of lichens)	33
Order	ARTHONIALES Henssen ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss., 1986 (an order of lichens)	31	20	19	8	3	43
Family	MELASPILEACEAE Walt. Watson, 1929 (a family of lichens)	2					3
Form genus	Cornutispora Piroz., 1973 (a genus of lichens)	1
Anamorphic Species	Cornutispora lichenicola D. Hawksw. & B. Sutton, 1976 (a lichenicolous anamorphic ascomycete)						4
Genus	Abrothallus De Not., 1845 (a genus of lichens)	5					18
Genus	Cercidospora Körb., 1865 (a genus of lichens)	2					4
Genus	Endococcus Nyl., 1855 (a genus of lichens and lichenicolous fungi)	5					12
Genus	Stigmidium Trevis., 1860 (a genus of lichens)	10					13
Family	PARMULARIACEAE E. Müll. & Arx ex M.E. Barr, 1979 (a family of lichens)	1
Species	Hemigrapha astericus (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. ex D. Hawksw., 1975 (a lichenicolous ascomycete)						1
Family	ARTHRORHAPHIDACEAE Poelt & Hafellner, 1976 (a family of lichens)	2
Genus	Arthrorhaphis Th. Fr., 1860 (a genus of lichens)	2		1			2
Family	ARTHOPYRENIACEAE Walt. Watson, 1929 (a family of lichens)	2
Genus	Arthopyrenia A. Massal., 1852 (a genus of lichens)	2					2
Family	DACAMPIACEAE Körb., 1855 (a family of lichens)	17				1	38
Family	MONOBLASTIACEAE Walt. Watson, 1929 (a family of lichens)	1
Genus	Acrocordia A. Massal., 1854 (a genus of lichens)	1		1
Family	PYRENULACEAE Rabenh., 1870 (a family of lichens)	3
Genus	Pyrenula Ach., 1814 (a genus of lichens)	3	15	3	5	1
Family	XANTHOPYRENIACEAE Zahlbr., 1926 (a family of lichens)	11	6	3	5		27
Form genus	Laeviomyces D. Hawksw., 1981 (a genus of a lichenicolous coelomycetes)	2					7
Subclass	LECANOROMYCETIDAE (a subclass of lichens)	313	575	376	106	16	504
Species	Phaeopyxis punctum (A. Massal.) Rambold, Triebel & Coppins, 1990 (a lichen)						3
Genus	Rhymbocarpus Zopf, 1896 (a genus of lichens)	1
Species	Rhymbocarpus cruciatus (Sherwood, D. Hawksw. & Coppins) Etayo & Diederich, 1998 (a lichenicolous discomycete)						1
Genus	Skyttea Sherwood, D. Hawksw. & Coppins, 1981 (a genus of lichenicolous discomycetes)	7				1	9
Species	Skyttella mulleri (Willey) D. Hawksw. & R. Sant., 1988 (a lichenicolous ascomycete)						1
Family	MICROCALICIACEAE Tibell, 1984 (a family of lichens)	2
Genus	Microcalicium Vain., 1927 (a genus of lichens)	2					4
Order	MYCOCALICIALES Tibell & Wedin, 2000 (an order of lichens)	8					13
Form genus	Psammina Sacc. & M. Rousseau ex E. Bommer & M. Rousseau, 1891 (a genus of lichens)	2					3
Form genus	Refractohilum D. Hawksw., 1977 (a genus of lichenicolous anamorphic fungi)	3				1	3
Form genus	Sclerococcum Fr., 1819 (a genus of lichenicolous anamorphic fungi)	2				1	5
Order	VERRUCARIALES Mattick ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss., 1986 (an order of lichens)	29	19	19	4		44
Form genus	Vouauxiomyces Dyko & D. Hawksw., 1979 (a genus of a lichenicolous coelomycetes)	3					15
Genus	Lichenomphalia Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys, 2002 (basidiolichen toadstools)	2	11	3		2	8

Suggested Literature

Identification Works

General Works

(Lichenes) may also be covered by literature listed under:

Feeding and other inter-species relationships

Associated with (Lichenes):

	(dead)	dead is associate of fruitbody	Athelia epiphylla agg - a resupinate fungus (Polyporales: Atheliaceae)		Eriksson, J., & Ryvarden, L., 1973
	(live)	live is associate of fruitbody	Entoloma inutile - a toadstool (Agaricales: Entolomataceae)		Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 [on acidic sandy soil on heathland or moorland]
		is parasitised by perithecium	Endococcus exerrans - a lichenicolous fungus (Dothideales)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [unidentified saxicolous crustose lichen]
		is associate of fruitbody	Arrhenia rustica - a toadstool (Agaricales: Tricholomataceae)		Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 [on sandy soil]
		is parasitised by lirella	Opegrapha parasitica - a lichenicolous lichen (Arthoniales: Roccellaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [on pyrenocarpous and other crustose lichens on limestone]
		is parasitised by perithecium	Endococcus propinquus - a lichenicolous fungus (Dothideales)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [frequent in upland areas]
		is parasitised by	Endococcus rugulosus - a lichenicolous fungus (Dothideales)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [crustose saxicolous lichens]
		is parasitised by colony of Monodictys dematiaceous anamorph	Monodictys lepraria - a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus (Dothideales)		Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
		is parasitised by mycelium of Cladosporium dematiaceous anamorph	Cladosporium sphaerospermum - a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus (Mycosphaerellales: Mycosphaerellaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1979
		is parasitised by apothecium	Dactylospora urceolata - a lichenicolous ascomycete (Lecanorales: Dactylosporaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [ona crustose muscicolous lichen]
		is associate of fruitbody	Galerina embolus - a toadstool (Agaricales: Cortinariaceae)		Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 [on sandy soil on heathland and dunes]
		is associate of fruitbody	Gymnopilus fulgens - a rustgill (Agaricales: Cortinariaceae)		Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 [on peaty or sandy, often burnt soil on moorland or heathland]
		is associate of fruitbody	Arrhenia chlorocyanea - Verdigris Navel (Agaricales: Tricholomataceae)		Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
		is associate of fruitbody	Omphalina pyxidata - a toadstool (Agaricales: Tricholomataceae)		Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
		is associate of fruitbody	Omphalina subhepatica - a toadstool (Agaricales: Tricholomataceae)		Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
		is associate of fruitbody	Omphalina wallacei - a toadstool (Agaricales: Tricholomataceae)		Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 [on sandy soil]
	gametophyte	gametophyte is associate of fruitbody	Arrhenia velutipes - a toadstool (Agaricales: Tricholomataceae)		Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
	thallus (bleached)	bleached thallus is parasitised by erumpent apothecium	Phacopsis oxyspora - a lichenicolous lichen (Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [foliose spp.]
	thallus (dead)	dead thallus is decayed by effuse colony of Trichothecium anamorph	Trichothecium roseum - an anamorphic fungus		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [overgrowing pyrenocarpous lichens on sandstone]
	thallus (dying)	dying thallus may be infected and damaged by colony of Marchandiomyces anamorph	Marchandiomyces corallinus - a lichenicolous anamorphic basidiomycete		Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
	thallus (moribund)	moribund thallus is decayed by fructification	Marchandiomyces corallinus - a lichenicolous anamorphic basidiomycete		Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
	thallus (moribund, corticolous)	moribund, corticolous thallus is decayed by effuse colony of Taeniolina anamorph	Taeniolina scripta - a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [on crustose lichens on bark]
	thallus (old)	old thallus is parasitised by Aspergillus dematiaceous anamorph	Eurotium herbariorum - an ascomycete (Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [on pyrenocarpous lichen]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by pycnidium of Crustodiplodina coelomycetous anamorph	Crustodiplodina lichenoides - a lichenicolous coelomycete		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [on corticolous crustose lichen]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by apothecium	Abrothallus parmeliarum - a lichenicolus ascomycete (Dothideales)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [on foliose species]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by perithecium	Sphaerulina dubiella - a lichenicolous ascomycete (Mycosphaerellales: Mycosphaerellaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [on unidentified placodioid lichen]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by perithecium	Stigmidium schaereri - a lichenicolous ascomycete fungus (Mycosphaerellales: Mycosphaerellaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [crustose lichens]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by perithecium	Arthopyrenia desistens - a lichen (Pleosporales: Arthopyreniaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by perithecium	Polycoccum marmoratum - a lichenicolous fungus (Pleosporales: Dacampiaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [pyrenocarpous lichens on hard limestones]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by perithecium	Zwackhiomyces dispersus - a lichenicolous ascomycete fungus (Pyrenulales: Xanthopyreniaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [crustose lichens]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by perithecium	Zwackhiomyces sphinctrinoides - a lichenicolous ascomycete (Pyrenulales: Xanthopyreniaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by perithecium	Hymenobia aporea - a lichenicolous ascomycete		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [lecideoid lichens]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by apothecium	Rimularia furvella - a lichenicolous lichen (Agyriales: Agyriaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [on crustose spp.]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by thallus	Rimularia furvella - a lichenicolous lichen (Agyriales: Agyriaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [on crustose spp.]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by stalked or more or less sessile apothecium	Calicium corynellum - a lichenicolous lichen (Lecanorales: Caliciaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [on a yellowish-green sorediate crust]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by apothecium	Dactylospora saxatilis - a lichenicolous ascomycete (Lecanorales: Dactylosporaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [on a sterile crustose lichen]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by apothecium	Chaenothecopsis retinens - a lichenicolous lichen (Mycocaliciales: Mycocaliciaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [white crustose lichen on oak]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by perithecium	Nectriopsis indigens - a lichenicolous pyrenomycete (Hypocreales: Bionectriaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [crustose lichen]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by perithecium	Phaeospora parasitica - a lichenicolous lichen (Verrucariales: Verrucariaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [crustose lichens, especially in upland areas]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by pycnidium of Vouauxiomyces coelomycetous anamorph	Vouauxiomyces santessonii - a lichenicolous coelomycete		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [on foliose species]
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by fruitbody	Athelia arachnoidea - a resupinate fungus (Polyporales: Atheliaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [on crustose and foliose spp. Causes large circular brown lesions] Eriksson, J., & Ryvarden, L., 1973 Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
	thallus	thallus is parasitised by fruitbody	Athelia epiphylla - a resupinate fungus (Polyporales: Atheliaceae)		Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
	thallus	thallus may be infected and damaged by perithecium	Polycoccum dzieduszyckii - a lichenicolous fungus (Pleosporales: Dacampiaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [calcareous pyrenocarpous lichens]
	thallus	thallus may be infected and damaged by more or less superficial, immersed only at base perithecium	Muellerella pygmaea - a lichenicolous fungus (Verrucariales: Verrucariaceae)		Hawksworth, D.L., 1983 [crustose species. Almost always on siliceous rocks]

Lichenes may be associated with more taxa listed at higher taxonomic level

References